Medical Studies

Bushnell MC, Marchand S, Trembly N. Duncan GH: Electrical
stimulation of peripheral and central pathways for the relief of
musculoskeletal pain. Can J Physiol Pharmocal 1991 May; 69
(5): 697-703Bertalanffy A, Kober A, Bertalanffy P. et al: Transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation reduces acute low back pain during emergency transport.Acad Emerg Med 2005 Jul;12(7): 607-11
[Medline]

Cheing GL, Luk ML: Transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation for neuropathic pain. Jhand Surg[Br] 2005 Feb;
30(1): 50-5[Medline].

Cottingham B, Phillips PD, Davies GK, Getty CJ: The effect of
subcutaneous nerve stimulation (SCNS) on pain associated with osteoarthritis of the hip. Pain 1985 Jul; 22(3): 243-8
[Medline].

Khadilker A, Milne S, Brosseau L, et al: Transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic low back pain. Cochran Database Syst Rev 2005; CD 003008 [Medline].

Walsh DM, Lowe AS, McCormack K, et al: Transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): Effect on peripheral nerve
conduction, mechanical pain threshold, and tactile threshold in humans. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998 Sep; 79(9): 1051-8
[Medline].

White PF, Phillips J, Proctor TJ, Craig WF: Percutaneous
Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS) A promising Alternative
Medicine Approach to Pain Management. Vol 9. American Pain Society Bulletin; 1999